Question 1116038
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"exponient" should be "exponent"<br>
"log downward exponient b..." should be "log, base b..."<br>
"ln" means "log, base e"<br>
"log a upward exponient b..." simply means "log of a^b"<br>
So....<br>
a. log downward exponient 13 1  -->  log, base 13, of 1
{{{log(13,1)}}} is 0, because {{{13^0 = 1}}}<br>
b. ln e upward exponient 8  -->  log, base e, of e^8
By definition {{{log(e,(e^8)) = 8}}}<br>
c. log downward exponient 27 27  -->  log, base 27, of 27
{{{log(27,27)}}} is 1, because {{{27^1 = 27}}}<br>
d. log downward exponient 9 27  -->  log, base 9, of 27
{{{log(9,27) = log((3^2),(3^3))}}} is 3/2, because {{{(3^2)^(3/2) = 3^3}}}