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x4 - 5x2y2 + 4y4
(x2)2 - 5(x2)(y2) + 4(y2)2
Let x2 = u and y2 = v
Then the problem becomes
u2 - 5uv + 4v2
We think of two integers whose product is +4 and whose sum is -5,
They are -4 and -1, so that factors as
(u - 4v)(u - v)
(x2 - 4y2)(x2 - y2)
Then each of those factors as the difference of squares:
(x - 2y)(x + 2y)(x - y)(x + y)
Edwin