1. = ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ × × 2. + = ÷ + ÷ + × + + + 3. = You can do that one by substituting for It's similar to the first one. 4. = = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = 5. = + + ÷ + ÷ + × + × + Edwin