Step 1: Add the additive inverse of the constant term to both sides, leaving the constant term on the right.
Step 2: If the coefficient on the term is other than 1, divide all terms by this coefficient.
Step 3: Divide the coefficient on the term by 2 and square the result.
Step 4: Add the result of Step 3 to both sides of your equation.
Step 5: You now have a perfect square polynomial on the left, so factor it.
Step 6: Simplify the right side as much as possible, then take the square root of both sides of the equation, remembering to include both the positive and negative root.
or
Step 7: Simplify and solve for
For your first two problems, just do steps 3 and 4. For the rest, follow the entire process. Hope that helps.