Since there are only 11 possible outcomes (2…12 inclusive), we can enumerate them with the number of ways they can each be formed:
Outcome # ways
2 1
3 2 ((1,2) or (2,1) on the roll of two dice)
4 3 ((2,2), (1,3), (3,1))
5 4 ((1,4),(2,3),(3,2), and (4,1))
6 5
7 6
8 5
9 4
10 3
11 2
12 1
———
36 possible outcomes
The probabilities are then just the (# of ways for a given outcome) / 36.
For instance:
rolling a 2 has probability 1/36
7 is the most likely outcome, with probability 6/36 = 1/6
You can compute the rest similarly.
