a(x+b)=3x+12
Since that is to be true for all values of x,
it's true when x = 0. So,
a(0+b)=3(0)+12
a(b)=0+12
ab=12
It's also true when a=1, so
a(1+b)=3(1)+12
a+ab=3+12
a+ab=15, and since ab=12,
a+12=15
a=3
And since ab=12
3b=12
b=4
So a(x+b)=3x+12 is really just
3(x+4)=3x+12
An application of the distributive principle.
Edwin