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Sorry but x² - 8x - 3 does not factor.
Did you copy it wrong?
However x² - 8x + 15 does factor.
We assume it factors as (x-a)(x-b), so
then:
x² - 8x + 15 = (x-a)(x-b),
Substitute x=10
10² - 8∙10 + 15 = (10-a)(10-b)
100-80+15 = (10-a)(10-b)
35 = (10-a)(10-b)
35 factors as 7∙3 so
So we set 10-a = 7 and 10-b = 5
That gives:
a = 3 and b = 5
So (x-a)(x-b) becomes (x-3)(x-5)
Edwin