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1. if A is a square matrix. What is meant by A is  idempotent, nilpotent and involutory
 idempotent, nilpotent and involutory 
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1. An idempotent matrix.  See this Wikipedia article.
    In algebra, an idempotent matrix is a matrix which, when multiplied by itself, yields itself. 
    That is, the matrix M is idempotent if and only if MM = M. For this product MM to be defined, M must necessarily be a square matrix. 
2, 3.  nilpotent and involutory
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