This is multiplying the variable x only by a number < 1 which stretches the graph horizontally by a factor of 4, which stretches the point (10,-2) horizontally to (40,-2). This is subtracting 1 from the variable x only by 1 which shifts the graph horizontally 1 unit right, which shifts the point (40,-2) to (40,-1). This is multiplying the entire function by 3 which stretches the graph vertically by a factor of 3 and stretches the point (40,-1) to (40,-3) This is multiplying the entire function by -1 which reflects the graph vertically across the x-axis, which moves the point (40,-3) vertically across the x-axis to (40,3). This is adding 5 to the entire function which shifts the graph vertically upward by 5 units, which moves the point (40,3) vertically upward to (40,8). Edwin