You are looking for the length of the line segment OP, OP u•v cos(q) = ———— = —————— ∥u∥ ∥u∥∥v∥ OP u•v ———— = —————— ∥u∥ ∥u∥∥v∥ Multiply both sides by ∥u∥ and get: u∙v OP = ———— = ∥v∥ , approximately Edwin