(-1)2099 = (-1)1(-1)2098 = (-1)(-1)2*1049 = (-1)[(-1)2]1049 = (-1)(1)1049 = (-1)(1) = -1 Or, you can just learn the two rules about -1: (-1)EVEN = 1 (-1)ODD = -1 and since 2099 is odd, the answer is -1. Edwin