15 and 12 are two factors of 180 that differ in 3 units and whose product is exactly 180.



And there are no other such positive numbers.



(But still there are negative: -15 and -12).



Notice that I presented you the MENTAL solution.



There is another way to solve the problem using equation:


x*(x+3) = 180,

x^2 + 3x - 180 = 0,

(x-12)*(x+15) = 0,


which gives the roots  x = 12 and x = -15.

 

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