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If x = 2015, y = 2014 and z = 2013, then the value of
x² + y² +z² – xy – yz – zx is
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=
= =
= =
= 2015*1 + 2014*1 + 2013*(-2) = 2015 + 2014 - 2*2013 = (2015-2013) + (2014-2013) = 3.
The right and more effective question would be "calculate without a calculator".