We need to prove that if any 2 of these, , and are equal, they are also equal to the third one: 1. Prove that if , then Cross-multiply Multiply both sides by -1 Add ab to both sides Factor out a on the left. Factor out b on the right. Divide both sides by Cancel: , and since , 2. Prove that if , then Cross-multiply Since ab=ba, Subtract ab from both sides Multiply through by -1 Divide through by bd Cancel , therefore 3. Prove that if , then Cross-multiply Since cd=dc, Add cd to both sides Divide through by bd Cancel , therefore Edwin