Learn and memorize these simple rules: 1. To multiply the vector ai + bj by the scalar "c", multiply by "c" every component: c*(ai + bj) = (ac)i + (bc)j. 2. To add the vectors (ai + bj) and (ci + dj) , add coefficients at co-named components: (ai + bj) and (ci + dj) = (a+c)i + (b+d)j.