I'm rusty too, so I'll have to derive it from scratch. First we'll find a formula for S(k) =then your summation is S(a+n-1) - S(a-1) {S(k)} = 1², 1²+2², 1²+2²+3², ··· , 1²+2²+3²+···+k² Write out some of the terms 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91, 140 Make a difference table, i.e, list the terms vertically in a column placing the difference between each pair of successive terms between them to the right. Then do the same to the second column, until you get a column which all contain the same number: 1 4 5 5 9 2 14 7 16 2 30 9 25 2 55 11 36 2 91 13 49 140 It took three difference columns to get a column of all 2's, so we will see if a third degree polynomial in k is possible for the formula: S(k) = Ak³ + Bk² + Ck + D Then substituting 1 = A(1)³ + B(1)² + C(1) + D 5 = A(2)³ + B(2)² + C(2) + D 14 = A(3)³ + B(3)² + C(3) + D 30 = A(4)³ + B(4)² + C(4) + D Giving us this system of 4 equations in 4 unknowns A + B + C + D = 1 8A + 4B + 2C + D = 5 27A + 9B + 3C + D = 14 64A + 16B + 4C + D = 30 Solve this system and we get A = 1/3, B = 1/2, C = 1/6, D = 0 So if we are right our formula is S(k) = (1/3)k³ + (1/2)k² + (1/6)k S(k) = (2k³ + 3k² + k)/6 S(k) = k(2k² + 3k + 1)/6 S(k) = k(k+1)(2k+1)/6 This can be proved correct by induction. It is true for k=1, so if we add (k+1)² to both sides S(k) + (k+1)² = k(k+1)(2k+1)/6 + (k+1)² = [(k+1)/6][k(2k+1) + 6(k+1)] = [(k+1)/6][2k²+7k+6] = [(k+1)/6][(k+2)(2k+3)] = (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)/6 which equals S(k+1) so we have the right formula. Now your problem is to find S(a+n-1) - S(a-1) (a+n-1)(a+n-1+1)(2(a+n-1)+1)/6 - (a-1)(a-1+1)(2(a-1)+1)/6 (a+n-1)(a+n)(2a+2n-1)/6 - (a-1)(a)(2a-1)/6 = [(a+n-1)(a+n)(2a+2n-1) - a(a-1)(2a-1)]/6 I'll let you simplify that if you like. I'm too tired! :-) Edwin AnlytcPhil@aol.com