This argument is NOT VALID! The double arrow is the biconditional P<->Q by definition is (P-Q)&(Q->P) It is sometimes called "equivalence", which means they have the same truth value. But your conclusion is not valid. We can show that it is not valid by a truth table: ? ~[A->(B&C)] => ~[A<->(B&C)] Since (B&C) appears in both, we can let D = (B&C) ? ~(A->D) => ~(A<->~D) ----------------------- T T T T T F T F F T F T F F F F becomes: ? ~(A->D) => ~(A<->~D) ----------------------- T F F T T T T T which becomes: ? ~(A->D) => ~(A<->~D) ----------------------- F T T F F T F T which becomes: ? ~(A->D) => ~(A<->~D) ----------------------- T F T T It is not valid because it fails in case 2. Edwin