It's a cinch to prove it with truth tables, and murder to prove it by argument forms. Since all the argument forms are proved by truth tables, your teacher should allow a truth table proof. [A ≡ (B ≡ C)] ≡ [(A ≡ B) ≡ C] --------------------------- T ≡ (T ≡ T) ≡ (T ≡ T) ≡ T T ≡ (T ≡ F) ≡ (T ≡ T) ≡ F T ≡ (F ≡ T) ≡ (T ≡ F) ≡ T T ≡ (F ≡ F) ≡ (T ≡ F) ≡ F F ≡ (T ≡ T) ≡ (F ≡ T) ≡ T F ≡ (T ≡ F) ≡ (F ≡ T) ≡ F F ≡ (F ≡ T) ≡ (F ≡ F) ≡ T F ≡ (F ≡ F) ≡ (F ≡ F) ≡ F Do equivalence inside the parentheses If the values are the same on both sides of the ≡, put T, otherwise put F. Then erase what you used to get what you just put down. [A ≡ (B ≡ C)] ≡ [(A ≡ B) ≡ C] ----------------------------- [T ≡ T ] ≡ [ T ≡ T] [T ≡ F ] ≡ [ T ≡ F] [T ≡ F ] ≡ [ F ≡ T] [T ≡ T ] ≡ [ F ≡ F] [F ≡ T ] ≡ [ F ≡ T] [F ≡ F ] ≡ [ F ≡ F] [F ≡ F ] ≡ [ T ≡ T] [F ≡ T ] ≡ [ T ≡ F] Now do equivalence inside the brackets As before, if the values are the same on both sides of the ≡, put T, otherwise put F. Then erase what you used to get what you just put down. [A ≡ (B ≡ C)] ≡ [(A ≡ B) ≡ C] ----------------------------- T ≡ T F ≡ F F ≡ F T ≡ T F ≡ F T ≡ T T ≡ T F ≡ F Now do the final equivalence inside the brackets As before, if the values are the same on both sides of the ≡, put T, otherwise put F. Then erase what you used to get what you just put down. [A ≡ (B ≡ C)] ≡ [(A ≡ B) ≡ C] ----------------------------- T T T T T T T T Since we end up with all T's, that proves that [A ≡ (B ≡ C)] ≡ [(A ≡ B) ≡ C] is a tautology. Edwin