I'll just do e. Hopefully you can do the others by yourself. They're all similar. There are several different kinds of standard normal tables. If yours is like this one, http://math.arizona.edu/~rsims/ma464/standardnormaltable.pdf Which has negative and positive values for z. (Be sure to scroll all the way down to see the whole table: then for z=1.96 Find 1.9 in the z-column on the left, go horizontally across from there to what's below the column headed .06 That number that you read is .97500. But that's not the answer. That's the area to the left of 1.96. To get the area to the right of 1.96, which is in the tail you must subtract from 0.5 and get 1.0-0.97500 and get 0.02500. A shortcut is to realize that because the normal curve is symmetrical, and therefore the area to the right of +1.96 is the same as the area to the left of -1.96. So just go to -1.9 and across under .06 and read 0.02500 directly. If you have this kind of table: http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html which has z=0 and 0.00000 in the upper left corner. (Scroll down to the table). Find 1.9 in the z-column on the left, go horizontally across from there to what's below the column headed 0.06 That number that you read is 0.4750. But that's not the answer. That's the area between the middle of the curve and 1.96. To get the area to the right of 1.96, which is in the tail you must subtract from 0.5 and get 0.5-0.4750 and get 0.0250. Edwin