The permutation formula is xPy =So we are to prove: nPr ≟ (n-1)P(r) + r*((n-1)P(r-1)), which becomes: ≟ ≟ ≟ -------------------------------------------------------------------- Proof: nPr = Now divide by long division: 1 n-r)n+0 n-r r The quotient is nPr = (n-1)P(r) + r Edwin