The answer would be 8! if the s's were all distinguishable, e.g., of different colors. Since they are not distinguishable, 8! counts each arrangement 4! times too many, because in each arrangement there are 4! ways the 4 s's could be arranged within that arrangement, if they were of different colors. To eliminate duplications in this case when they are not distinguishable, we must divide the 8! by 4!: Answer:= = = 8·7·6·5 = 1680 Edwin