The other tutor did not prove it. We assume that the distributive, identity and inverse principles hold. First we must prove that (-1)(0) = 0 [You might already accept that anything times 0 is 0, but even that must be proved!] Start with: (-1)(0) Since 0 = 0 + 0 we can replace the 0 by (0 + 0): (-1)(0) = (-1)(0 + 0) We use the distributive principle on the right side: (-1)(0) = (-1)(0) + (-1)(0) We subtract (-1)(0) from both sides: 0 = (-1)(0) So we have proved that (-1)(0) = 0: -------------------------------------- Now start with (-1)(-1) + (-1) Since (-1) = (-1)(1), we can substitute (-1)(1) for the second term (-1), and the above becomes: (-1)(-1) + (-1) = (-1)(-1) + (-1)(1) We factor (-1) out of both terms: (-1)(-1) + (-1) = (-1)(-1 + 1) We know that (-1 + 1) = 0 so we have (-1)(-1) + (-1) = (-1)(0) and we have proved above that (-1)(0) = 0, so we have proved (-1)(-1) + (-1) = 0 and we know that 1 + (-1) = 0, so we replace the 0 on the right by 1 + (-1) (-1)(-1) + (-1) = 1 + (-1) We subtract (-1) from both sides: (-1)(-1) = 1 Edwin