Put a 1 under it and a 1 times it: Rule: To make a negative exponent positive, move the entire exponential from the top to the bottom if the exponential with the negative exponent is in the top, or from the bottom to the top if the exponential with the negative exponent is in the bottom, and change the sign of the exponent to positive, so is in the top so we bring it to the bottom and change the sign of the -1 exponent to positive 1. So we have and we can now erase the 1's in the bottom and the parentheses and just have: but we can't erase the 1 on top. Edwin