Hi (a^-2 + a) / a + 1 (1 + a^3) / a^2(a + 1) Multiplying numerator and denominator by a^2 (a^3 +1) / a^2(a + 1) (a +1)(a^2 -a +1) / a^2(a + 1) factoring out (a+1) in the numerator (a^2 -a +1) / a^2 Simplifying