q->~p Start with this since the expression involves four things p, q, ~q, and q->~p | p | q | ~p | q->~p | |---|---|----|-------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Under p write TTFF, under q list TFTF | p | q | ~p | q->~p | |---|---|----|-------| | T | T | | | | T | F | | | | F | T | | | | F | F | | | The rule for ~ if there is a T in the box put an F if there is an F in the box put a T That is ~T becomes F and ~F becoms T. Looking at the column under p we follow that rule and get FFTT: | p | q | ~p | q->~p | |---|---|----|-------| | T | T | F | | | T | F | F | | | F | T | T | | | F | F | T | | The rule for -> if there is a T in the first box and an F in the second box, the expression is F. That is, if you see T->F the expression becomes F, otherwise the expression is T. So in any other case, the expression is T. Looking at the column under q and ~p we follow that rule and get FTTT | p | q | ~p | q->~p | |---|---|----|-------| | T | T | F | F | | T | F | F | T | | F | T | T | T | | F | F | T | T | Notice that only F is in the first case because it was the only case where q is T and ~p is F. Edwin