1.(R>L)>(L>~F) 2. ~F v (R>L) 3. ~~F /~R 4. R>L 2,3, Disjunctive Syllogism ---That's [(p v q) & ~p]>q 5. L>~F 1,4, Modus Ponens ---That's [(p>q) & p]>q 6. R>~F 4,5, Hypothetical Syllogism ---That's [(p>q) & (q>r)]>(p>r) 7. ~R 6,3, Modus tollens ---That's [(p>q) & ~q]>~p They're all common sense if you think about it and think about them in words using "the first", "the second" and "the third", like this: Disjunctive Syllogism says: [(p v q) & ~p]>q If you know that (you have the first OR the second) AND (you do NOT have the first), then you MUST have (the second). I think of " > " as the same as the word "guarantees". Modus Ponens says: [(p>q) & p]>q If you know that (the first guarantees the second), AND you know that you have (the first), then you MUST have (the second). Hypothetical Syllogism says: [(p>q) & (q>r)]>(p>r) If you know that (the first guarantees the second) AND (the second guarantees the third), then (the first MUST guarantee the third). Modus Tollens says: [(p>q) & ~q]>~p If you know that (the first guarantees the second) and (you do NOT have the second), then (you MUST NOT have the first). Edwin